The Four Paths of Yoga
There are four main paths of Yoga - Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja
Yoga and Jnana Yoga. Each is suited to a different temperament or
approach to life. All the paths lead ultimately to the same destination -
to union with Brahman or God - and the lessons of each of them need to
be integrated if true wisdom is to be attained.
Swami Sivananda recognised that every Yogi, or human being for that
matter, possesses and identifies with each of these elements: Intellect,
heart, body and mind. He therefore advocated everyone to practice
certain techniques from each path. This came to be known as the Yoga of
Synthesis. He also taught that in accordance with individual temperament
and taste one can emphasize the practice of certain Yogas over others.
Karma Yoga - The yoga of Action
Karma Yoga is the Yoga of Action. It is the path chosen primarily by those of an outgoing nature. It purifies the
heart by teaching you to act selflessly, without thought of gain or reward.
By detaching yourself from the fruits of your actions and offering them up to
God, you learn to sublimate the ego. To achieve this, it is helpful to keep
your mind focused by repeating a mantra while engaged in any activity.
Principles of
Karma Yoga
Karma Yoga is one of the
four paths of Yoga.
In this page are the key components that determine that any action will qualify
as being Karma Yoga
"Karma
Yoga is the selfless devotion of all inner as well as the outer activities
as a Sacrifice to the Lord of all works, offered to the eternal as Master
of all the soul's energies and austerities."
Bhagavad Gita
Right Attitude
It's not what you
do that counts, it's the attitude while doing it that determines if a job is a
karma yoga job, i.e. a liberating job, or a binding job. Work is worship.
Swami
Sivananda advises us to
"give your hands to work, and keep your mind fixed
at the lotus feet of the Lord."
Right Motive
Same as attitude.
It is not what you do that counts but your real motive behind it. Your motive
must be pure. Swami Sivananda says:
"Man generally plans to get the fruits
of his works before he starts any kind of work. The mind is so framed that it
cannot think of any kind of work without remuneration or reward. A selfish man
cannot do any service. He will weigh the work and the money in a balance. Selfless
Service is unknown to him."
Do Your Duty
Often "duty"
is referred to as "righteousness". You will incur demerit if you shun your duty.
Your duty is towards God, or Self, or the Inner Teacher who teaches you through
all the specific circumstances of your life as they appear.
Do Your Best
Whatever you have
to do, do your best. If you know of a better way to serve, you must use it. Do
not hold back because of fear of effort or because of fear of criticism. Do not
work in a sloppy manner just because no one is watching or because you feel the
work is not for you. Give your best. Try to do such actions that can bring maximum
good and minimum evil. Do Karma Yoga increasingly.
Give up Results
God is the doer. You
are not the doer. You are only the instrument. You do not know God's intentions
or God's plans. God is the actor. The Self never acts, changes. It is only the 3
Gunas or qualities of nature which are playing.
The way to realize this truth is to constantly work for work's sake and let go
of the results, good or bad. It is the desire for action that binds the individual.
It is the detachment from action that will dissolve the karmic seeds. Detachment
from results also means detachment from the type of job itself. There is no job
that is inferior or superior to a different job. Don't be attached to your job.
Be ready to give up your job if necessary.
Serve God or the
Self in All
Do to others what
you would like to be done to yourself. Love thy neighbor as thyself. Adapt, adjust,
accommodate. Bear insult, bear injury. Unity in Diversity. We are parts of the
same body. Practice humility in action. Beware of power, fame, name, praise, censure.
Follow the Discipline
of the Job
Each job is a teacher
of some sort. You can learn different skills by doing different jobs. Each job
has different requirements in terms of time, degree of concentration, skills or
experience, emotional input, physical energy, will. Try to do whatever job you
are doing, well.
Bhakti Yoga - The Path of Devotion or Divine Love
This path appeals particularly to those of an emotional nature.
The Bhakti Yogi is motivated chiefly by the power of love and sees God
as the embodiment of love. Through prayer, worship and ritual he
surrenders himself to God, channelling and transmuting his emotions into
unconditional love or devotion. Chanting or singing the praises of God
form a substantial part of Bhakti Yoga.
Raja Yoga - The Science of Physical and Mental Control
Often called the "royal road" it offers a comprehensive method for controlling the
waves of thought by turning our mental and physical energy into spiritual energy.
Raja Yoga is also called Ahtanga Yoga referring to the eight
limbs leading to absolute mental control. The chief practice of Raja Yoga
is
meditation.
It also includes all other methods which helps one to control body, energy, senses and mind. The Hatha-Yogi u
ses
Relaxation and other practices such as Yamas, Niyamas, Mudras, Bandhas etc.. to gain control
of the physical body and the subtle life force called Prana. When body and energy
are under control meditation comes naturally.
Ashtanga - The Eight Limbs of Raja Yoga
Compiled by the
Sage Patanjali Maharishi in the Yoga Sutras, the Eight Limbs are a progressive
series of steps or disciplines which purify the body and mind, ultimately leading
the yogi to enlightenment. These 8 limbs are:
- Yamas - The Yamas or restraints (Don'ts) are divided into five moral injuctions,
aimed at destroying the lower nature. They should all be practiced and developped
by the letter but also more importantly in the spirit. They should all be
practiced in word, thought and deed.
- Ahimsa or non-violence
- Satyam or truthfulness
- Brahmacharya or moderation in all things (control of all senses). Also refers to celibacy
- Asteya or non-stealing
- Aparigraha or non-covetousness
- Niyamas - The Niyamas or observances (Do's) are also divided into five and complete
the ethical precepts started with the Yama.. These qualities are:
- Saucha or purity - this internal and external cleanliness.
- Santosha or contentment
- Tapas or austerity
- Swadhyaya or study of the sacred texts
- Ishwara
Pranidhana which is constantly living with an awareness of the divine
Presence (surrender to God's Will)
- Asanas - Postures
- Pranayama - regulation or control of the breath. Asanas and Pranayama form the sub-division
of Raja Yoga known as Hatha-Yoga
- Pratyahara - withdrawal of the senses in order to still the mind.
- Dharana - concentration. The last 3 steps constitute the internal practice of Raja
Yoga. When Dharana is achieved, it leads to the next step:
- Dhyana - meditation is that state of pure thought and absorption in the object
of meditation. There is still duality in Dhyana. When mastered Dhyana leads
to the last step:
- Samadhi - the superconscious state. In Samadhi non-duality or oneness is experienced.
This is the deepest and highest state of consciousness where body and mind
have been transcended and the Yogi is one with the Self or God.
Jnana Yoga - The Yoga of Knowledge or Wisdom
This is the most difficult path, requiring tremendous strength
of will and intellect. Taking the philosophy of Vedanta the Jnana Yogi
uses his mind to inquire into its own nature. We perceive the space
inside and outside a glass as different, just as we see ourselves as
separate from God. Jnana Yoga leads the devotee to experience his unity
with God directly by breaking the glass, dissolving the veils of
ignorance. Before practicing Jnana Yoga, the aspirant needs to have
integrated the lessons of the other yogic paths - for without
selflessness and love of God, strength of body and mind, the search for
self-realization can become mere idle speculation.
Vedanta
Vedanta is that philosophy which comes from the sacred scriptures called The Upanishads.
The Upanishads are the final part of the ancient texts known as the Vedas.
Veda means knowledge and Anta means end. Therefore Vedanta is said to be the philosophy
which leads to the end of knowledge and too from the ending part of the Vedas.
Three Types of Vedanta
Three main schools of Vedanta emerged: Dvaita - the dualistic approach, Advaita -
the non-dualistic approach and Kevala Advaita - the pure non-dualistic school.
The main exponent of Vedanta was the great sage Adi Sankara who was an adept
of the Kevala Advaita Vedanta path.
Adi Sankara and Kevala Advaita Vedanta
Sri Sankaracharya summarized the essence of Vedantic teachings into three concise
sentences. These are:
"Brahma Satyam. Jagat Mithya. Jivo Brahmaiva Na Parah." These can be translated in English as follows:
God only is real. The world is unreal. The individual is none other than God.
Vedanta and Jnana Yoga
The beauty of Vedanta is that it transcends dry philosophy and mere intellectual
concept. Vedanta is an actual life experience, a philosophy in practice. This
practice includes the many techniques of Jnana Yoga (The Yoga of will and intellect).
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